Carbon Steel Pipes: A53 Pipe, A106 Pipe, A333 Specifications

Quick Reference

Common carbon steel pipe specs: ASTM A53 (black/galvanized, seamless/welded, general purpose), ASTM A106 (seamless, high-temp up to 750°F), ASTM A333 (low-temp/cryogenic service, impact tested). Grades: A (low-pressure), B (standard), C (higher tensile). Matching fittings: ASTM A234.

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Need pipe dimension charts? Download the ASME B36.10 Pipe Schedule Chart for carbon/alloy steel pipe dimensions and weights.

Learn about the 3 most common specifications for carbon pipes: ASTM A53 (black and galvanized steel pipes, seamless and welded), ASTM A106 (seamless CS tubular for high pressure and high-temperature applications up to 750 degrees F), and ASTM A333 (low-temperature service). The article gives you an overview of these three specifications in terms of typical uses, mechanical and chemical properties, and compares the differences between A53 vs. A106 pipes.

ASTM A53 Pipe

General Info: ASTM A53 Pipes

ASTM A53 is a standard specification published by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) that covers seamless and welded black and hot-dipped galvanized steel pipe.

ASTM A53 PipesIt is widely used in various industries for conveying gas, water, oil, and other fluids. ASTM A53 pipes are commonly used in plumbing, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), fire protection, and structural applications. Here are some key features of ASTM A53 pipes:

Types

ASTM A53 specification covers two types of pipes:

Type	Manufacturing Method
Type F	Furnace-butt welded pipe with a continuous weld along the length of the pipe
Type E	Electric-resistance-welded pipe with a longitudinal resistance weld
Type S	Seamless pipe, produced by hot-working the steel and then cold-finishing it to produce the desired shape, dimensions, and properties

Grades

ASTM A53 pipes are available in three grades:

Grade	Description
Grade A	Suitable for low-pressure and non-critical applications
Grade B	The most commonly used; suitable for general-purpose applications, including structural and mechanical applications
Grade C	Not commonly used; suitable for certain specific applications that require higher tensile strength or enhanced corrosion resistance

Dimensions and Sizes

ASTM A53 pipes are available in a wide range of sizes and dimensions, ranging from 1/8 inch to 26 inches in nominal diameter. The wall thickness can vary depending on the nominal pipe size and grade.

Coatings

ASTM A53 pipes can be supplied with various coatings to enhance corrosion resistance and durability. The most common coatings include black or hot-dipped galvanized coatings. Galvanized pipes are coated with a layer of zinc to protect against corrosion and rust, making them suitable for outdoor and corrosive environments.

Applications

ASTM A53 pipes are used in a variety of applications, including:

• Plumbing and water distribution systems
• HVAC systems for heating and cooling
• Fire protection systems, including sprinkler and standpipe systems
• Structural applications, such as building frames, columns, and supports
• Oil and gas pipelines for conveying fluids and gases

Quality Control

ASTM A53 specification includes requirements for chemical composition, mechanical properties, dimensions, tolerances, and testing to ensure the quality and integrity of the pipes. Manufacturers must adhere to these requirements to produce pipes that meet the specified standards.

Overall, ASTM A53 pipes are widely used for their versatility, durability, and cost-effectiveness in a variety of industrial and commercial applications. When selecting ASTM A53 pipes for a particular application, it is essential to consider factors such as the type, grade, size, and coating to ensure they meet the specific requirements and performance criteria.

A53 pipes convey fluids at low/medium pressures and are also used for mechanical applications. An A53 pipe can be welded, flanged, and shaped as necessary.

The ASME B36.10 specification covers A53 pipe dimensions (and weights per meter, in kg. and pounds).

ASTM A53 Chemical Composition

There are two ASTM A53 pipes grades, i.e. grades A and B. The two grades feature slight differences in terms of chemical composition (mainly Carbon and Manganese content) and mechanical properties – as shown in the pipe grades charts below:

Max. values (%)	Type S Grade A	Type S Grade B	Type E Grade A	Type E Grade B	Type F Grade A
Carbon	0.25	0.30	0.25	0.30	0.30
Manganese	0.95	1.20	0.95	1.20	1.20
Phosphorous	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05	0.05
Sulfur	0.045	0.045	0.045	0.045	0.045
Copper	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40
Nickel	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40
Chromium	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40
Molybdenum	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15
Vanadium	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.08

A53 Gr. A/B Pipe Mechanical Properties

Seamless and ERW	A53 Grade A	A53 Grade B
Tensile Strength, min, psi	48,000	60,000
Yield Strength	30,000	35,000

A53 Pipe Physical Properties

Property	Value
Density at 20°C	7.85 kg/dm³
Modulus of elasticity at 20°C	210 kN/mm²
Modulus of elasticity at 300°C	192 kN/mm²
Modulus of elasticity at 400°C	184 kN/mm²
Modulus of elasticity at 450°C	179 kN/mm²
Thermal conductivity at 20°C	51 W/m·K
Spec. thermal capacity at 20°C	461 J/kg·K
Spec. electrical resistivity at 20°C	0.20 Ω·mm²/m

Hot Forming and Heat Treatment

Process	Temperature	Cooling
Hot forming	1100–950°C	Air
Normalizing	890–950°C	Air
Stress-relieving anneal	600–650°C	Air

Notes: 1) Normalizing: Holding time 1 minute per mm plate thickness, minimum 30 minutes. 2) Stress-relieving anneal: Holding time 1-2 minutes per mm plate thickness, minimum 30 minutes.

Tolerances

The tolerances for ASTM A53 – ASME SA53 pipes are:

• wall thickness: the thickness of the pipe (“WT”) shall be, at any point, not less than the nominal pipe size minus 12.5% (a wt of NPS -13% would not be, for instance, acceptable)
• weight per foot: + / – 10%

Testing Requirements

Below are the required physical strength requirements under ASTM A53 Type E for grades A and B.

Test	ASTM A53 Grade A	ASTM A53 Grade B
Yield	30,000 psi	35,000 psi
Tensile	48,000 psi	60,000 psi
Elongation	Determined by formula	Determined by formula

In addition to the chemical and physical analysis, the following tests are required under ASTM A53:

Test	Test ASTM A53 – ASME SA53
Flattening	Bend Test (Less than or equal to 2.375″ OD) *
Hydrostatic	Transverse Weld Tension (Equal to or greater than 8.625″ OD)

Pipe End Types

• Pipe schedule below 0.500 inches and schedule STD / XS pipes: plain or beveled ends
• Pipe schedule above 0.500 inches and schedule XXS: Squared cut plain ends

If pipes are supplied with threaded ends, protection for threads is mandatory for pipes above 4 inches.

Marking

Each length of pipe (or bundle for smaller diameters) shall have the following markings applied:

• Manufacturer name
• A53 type (S, E, F)
• Diameter and schedule (from 10 to 160 and XXS)
• Designation “ASTM A53”
• Pipe length
• Heat number

It is frequent to find pipes on the market pipes that comply, at the same time, with multiple standards: A53, A106, API 5L Gr. B. Such compliance is shown as a mark on the pipe itself.

Pro Tip

When sourcing pipes, always prefer “quadri-norm” certified materials (A53/A106/API 5L Gr.B). They offer maximum flexibility for future use and have better resale value. The price premium is minimal, but the versatility is significant.

Galvanized Pipe (ASTM A53)

General Info: ASTM A53 Galvanized Pipes

What are galvanized pipes?

Galvanized pipes are steel pipes that have been hot-dipped in a protective zinc coating to prevent corrosion and rust (the process is called “hot-dip galvanization”). Galvanized pipes were introduced in the sixties as an alternative to lead pipes for water transmission and distribution. After that, they have been used also for sewerage applications, firefighting, and general plumbing systems.

During the galvanization process, the zinc coating applies both to the outside and the inside of the pipe. The standard zinc coating is between 1.6 and 1.8 oz per square foot.

Galvanized pipes show long-lasting durability, improved resistance to corrosion compared to standard black steel, and are available at a relatively cheap price (and good toughness) compared to alternative metals (the price of galvanized pipe vs copper maybe, to give a general indication, 6 times lower per metric ton). As a rule of thumb, the galvanized price is between 40 and 50% higher than the price of black carbon pipes (the application of a zinc coating requires the transportation of the bare pipe to the galvanization plant, the application of zinc raw material on the pipe and other finishing activities).

On the other side, galvanized pipes are heavy, difficult to repair, and tend to develop blockages over time. The internal part of the pipe is subject to corrosion, and it’s not infrequent to find completely rusted galvanized pipes a few years after their installation.

Field Note

Never weld galvanized pipe without removing the zinc coating first - the fumes are toxic (zinc fever is real), and the weld quality will be poor. Grind back at least 50mm from the weld zone on both sides.

ASTM A123, A153 and A53 Comparison

First and foremost, there is a difference between ASTM A53 and ASTM A153. Companies specialized in pipe galvanization are familiar with the ASTM A153 specification (“Standard Specification for Zinc Coating Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware”.

Section 17 of the more general ASTM A53 specification, sets requirements for galvanized pipe, i.e. it requires the pipe to be hot-dip galvanized with a zinc grade by the B6 specification (Standard Specification for Zinc ) and specify the minimum weight per unit area of the coating.

The ASTM A53 specification does not set requirements related to the finishing, the appearance, or the adherence of the galvanized coating that is instead well defined in the ASTM A123 specification (Standard Specification for Zinc, Hot-Dip Galvanized, Coatings on Iron and Steel Product).

Further, the weight per unit area of the coating defined in the ASTM A53 specification corresponds to the minimum coating thickness requirements of ASTM A123. Therefore, the ASTM A123 specification is more stringent than ASTM A53 concerning the galvanized coating and whenever a pipe is galvanized according to ASTM A123, it meets the requirements of section 17 of ASTM A53 as well.

Conclusion: when a buyer requires galvanized pipes according to A53, a galvanization process in line with ASTM A123 meets the looser galvanization requirements set by ASTM A53.A

ASTM A106 Pipe

General Info: ASTM A106 Pipes

ASTM A106 is a standard specification for seamless carbon steel pipe for high-temperature service.

It is commonly used in various industries such as oil and gas, petrochemicals, power generation, and refineries. ASTM A106 pipes are suitable for bending, flanging, and similar forming operations, and for welding. Here are some key features of ASTM A106 pipes:

Types

ASTM A106 specification covers seamless carbon steel pipes for high-temperature service. There are three grades of ASTM A106 pipes:

Grade	Description	Min. Tensile Strength
Grade A	Suitable for bending, flanging, and similar forming operations, and for welding	48,000 psi (330 MPa)
Grade B	Suitable for bending, flanging, and similar forming operations, and for welding	60,000 psi (415 MPa)
Grade C	Suitable for flanging and similar forming operations, and for welding	70,000 psi (485 MPa)

Chemical Composition (Overview)

The chemical composition of ASTM A106 pipes varies depending on the grade. Generally, the composition includes:

Element	Grade A	Grade B	Grade C
Carbon (C)	Max 0.30%	Max 0.35%	Max 0.35%
Manganese (Mn)	0.29-1.06%	0.29-1.06%	0.29-1.06%
Phosphorus (P)	Max 0.035%	Max 0.035%	Max 0.035%
Sulfur (S)	Max 0.035%	Max 0.035%	Max 0.035%
Silicon (Si)	Min 0.10%	Min 0.10%	Min 0.10%

Dimensions and Sizes

ASTM A106 pipes are available in a wide range of sizes and dimensions, ranging from 1/8 inch to 26 inches in nominal diameter. The wall thickness can vary depending on the nominal pipe size and grade.

Applications

ASTM A106 pipes are used in high-temperature service applications such as:

• Oil and gas pipelines
• Power plants
• Refineries
• Petrochemical plants
• Boiler tubes
• Heat exchangers
• High-pressure applications

Testing and Inspection

ASTM A106 pipes undergo various tests and inspections to ensure quality and performance. These may include hydrostatic testing, non-destructive testing (NDT), dimensional inspection, tensile testing, hardness testing, and chemical analysis.

Overall, ASTM A106 pipes are widely used for their reliability, durability, and suitability for high-temperature service applications. When selecting ASTM A106 pipes for a particular application, it is essential to consider factors such as grade, size, wall thickness, and end connections to ensure they meet the specific requirements and performance criteria.

The ASME B36.10 specification covers the ASTM A106 grade B pipe dimensions (and weights per meter, in kg. and pounds).

Key Difference

ASTM A106 is exclusively seamless, while ASTM A53 covers both seamless and welded pipes. A106 also has stricter requirements for chemical composition and is produced from killed steel, making it the preferred choice for high-temperature and high-pressure service.

A106 Pipe Chemical Composition

ASTM A106 pipes are manufactured in grades A, B, and C.

NPS 1-1/2″ and below are available in the hot-finished or cold-drawn type. Pipes of NPS 2 inches and above are generally hot rolled. ASTM A106 pipes are produced out of killed steel and are suited for high-temperature service (for low temperatures, ASTM A333 pipes should be used instead).

The chemical composition of the three grades of ASTM A106 is shown in the following table:

Element	C max	Mn	P max	S max	Si min	Cr max	Cu max	Mo max	Ni max	V max
ASTM A106 Grade A	0.25	0.27–0.93	0.035	0.035	0.10	0.40	0.40	0.15	0.40	0.08
ASTM A106 Grade B	0.30	0.29–1.06	0.035	0.035	0.10	0.40	0.40	0.15	0.40	0.08
ASTM A106 Grade C	0.35	0.29–1.06	0.035	0.035	0.10	0.40	0.40	0.15	0.40	0.08

A106 Pipe Tolerance (ASTM)

The manufacturing tolerances of ASTM A106 pipes are shown in the tables below:

Parameter	Tolerance
Diameter	See diameter tolerance table below
Wall thickness	Min. WT shall not be below nominal pipe size minus 12.5% at any point
Weight	-3.5% to +10% vs. specification

The weight test can be executed on lots for smaller nominal pipe sizes (below 4 inches) but must be executed pipe by pipe for higher diameters (6 inches and above).

Pipe Size (NPS)	Over (inch)	Over (mm)	Under (inch)	Under (mm)
1/8 to 1-1/2 [6 to 40] incl	1/64 (0.015)	0.4	1/64 (0.015)	0.4
Over 1-1/2 to 4 [40 to 100] incl	1/32 (0.031)	0.8	1/32 (0.031)	0.8
Over 4 to 8 [100 to 200] incl	1/16 (0.062)	1.6	1/32 (0.031)	0.8
Over 8 to 18 [200 to 450] incl	3/32 (0.093)	2.4	1/32 (0.031)	0.8
Over 18 to 26 [450 to 650] incl	1/8 (0.125)	3.2	1/32 (0.031)	0.8
Over 26 to 34 [650 to 859] incl	5/32 (0.156)	4.0	1/32 (0.031)	0.8
Over 34 to 48 [850 to 1200] incl	3/16 (0.187)	4.8	1/32 (0.031)	0.8

A106 Gr. A/B Mechanical Properties

ASTM A106 pipe	A106 Grade A	A106 Grade B	A106 Grade C
Tensile Strength, min., psi	48,000	60,000	70,000
Yield Strength, min., psi	30,000	35,000	40,000

Testing Requirements

Test	NPS	Frequency
Tensile Test	5 and smaller	One length from each lot
Tensile Test	Over 5	One length from each lot of 500 or fraction

ASTM A333 Pipe

ASTM A333 pipe for low-temperature service (Gr. 6)

ASTM A333 pipes are commonly used in various industries where low-temperature applications are encountered, such as cryogenic storage tanks, LNG (liquefied natural gas) plants, and refrigeration systems. Here are some key features of ASTM A333 pipes:

Types

ASTM A333 specification covers several grades of seamless and welded steel pipe:

Grade	Description
Grade 1	Seamless and welded carbon and alloy steel pipe intended for use at low temperatures
Grade 3	Intended for low temperatures with the addition of 0.12-0.21% manganese and 0.9-1.1% nickel
Grade 4	Intended for low temperatures with the addition of 0.46-0.70% manganese, 0.40-0.60% copper, and 0.20-0.30% nickel
Grade 6	Intended for low temperatures with the addition of 0.30-0.60% manganese, 0.60-1.35% silicon, and 0.04% phosphorus and sulfur

Chemical Composition (Overview)

The chemical composition of ASTM A333 pipes varies depending on the grade. Generally, it includes carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, nickel, and other alloying elements.

The maximum carbon content ranges from 0.30% to 0.30% depending on the grade, while the maximum manganese content ranges from 0.40% to 1.35%. Other elements are present in smaller amounts to achieve desired properties.

Mechanical Properties (Overview)

ASTM A333 pipes undergo various tests to ensure compliance with mechanical property requirements. These tests may include tensile, yield, and elongation testing, as well as impact testing at low temperatures.

Each grade of ASTM A333 pipe has specific mechanical property requirements, including minimum tensile strength, minimum yield strength, and minimum elongation.

Dimensions and Sizes

ASTM A333 pipes are available in a wide range of sizes and dimensions, ranging from 1/8 inch to 26 inches in nominal diameter. The wall thickness can vary depending on the nominal pipe size and grade.

Applications

ASTM A333 pipes are used in various low-temperature applications, including:

• Cryogenic storage tanks
• LNG (liquefied natural gas) plants
• Refrigeration systems
• Low-temperature process piping
• Low-temperature service in pressure systems

Welding

ASTM A333 pipes are weldable using conventional welding methods. However, preheating and post-weld heat treatment may be necessary to prevent cracking and ensure proper mechanical properties, especially for Grade 6 pipes.

Overall, ASTM A333 pipes are widely used for their suitability in low-temperature service applications where cryogenic conditions or low-temperature process requirements exist. When selecting ASTM A333 pipes for a specific application, it is essential to consider factors such as grade, size, wall thickness, and end connections to ensure they meet the specific requirements and performance criteria.

Common Mistake

Using ASTM A106 for low-temperature service (below -29°C). A106 is not impact-tested - it will pass the tensile test but may fail catastrophically at low temperatures. Always specify ASTM A333 Grade 6 for cryogenic or cold climate applications.

ASTM A333 Chemical Composition

Element	Grade 1	Grade 3	Grade 4	Grade 6	Grade 7	Grade 8	Grade 9	Grade 10	Grade 11
C	0.30	0.19	0.12	0.30	0.19	0.13	0.20	0.20	0.10
Mn	0.40–1.06	0.31–0.64	0.50–1.05	0.29–1.06	0.90	0.90	0.40–1.06	1.15–1.50	0.60
P	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.035	0.025
S	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.025	0.015	0.025
Si	…	0.18–0.37	0.08–0.37	0.10 min	0.13–0.32	0.13–0.32	…	0.10–0.35	0.35
Ni	…	3.18–3.82	0.47–0.98	0.40	2.03–2.57	8.40–9.60	1.60–2.24	0.25	35.0–37.0
Cr	…	…	0.44–1.01	0.30	…	…	…	0.15	0.50
Cu	…	…	0.40–0.75	0.40	…	…	0.75–1.25	0.15	…
Al	…	…	0.04–0.30	…	…	…	…	0.06	…
V	…	…	…	0.08	…	…	…	0.12	…
Cb	…	…	…	0.02	…	…	…	0.05	…
Mo	…	…	…	0.12	…	…	…	0.05	0.50
Co	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	0.50

*For Grade 1 and 6, each reduction of 0.01% C below 0.30%, an increase of 0.05 % Mn above 1.06 % would be permitted to a max. of 1.35%. *For Grade 6, the limit for columbium may be increased up to 0.05 % on heat analysis and 0.06 % on product analysis. *Generally, the carbon equivalent C.E = [C + Mn/6 + (Cr + Mo + V)/5 + (Ni + Cu)/15] shall not exceed 0.43% by heat analysis.

ASTM A333 Mechanical Properties

Grade	Tensile (psi)	Tensile (MPa)	Yield (psi)	Yield (MPa)	Elong. Long. %	Elong. Trans. %
Grade 1	55 000	380	30 000	205	35	25
Grade 3	65 000	450	35 000	240	30	20
Grade 4	60 000	415	35 000	240	30	16.5
Grade 6	60 000	415	35 000	240	30	16.5
Grade 7	65 000	450	35 000	240	30	22
Grade 8	100 000	690	75 000	515	22	…
Grade 9	63 000	435	46 000	315	28	…
Grade 10	80 000	550	65 000	450	22	…
Grade 11	65 000	450	35 000	240	18	…

*The elongation values are furnished based on standard round 2-inch or 50 mm(or 4D) specimens. *Elongation of Grade 11 is for all walls and small sizes tested in full section.

Charpy V-notch Impact Tests A333 Pipes

Specimen Size (mm)	Min. Avg. (ft·lbf)	Min. Avg. (J)	Min. Single (ft·lbf)	Min. Single (J)
10 by 10	13	18	10	14
10 by 7.5	10	14	8	11
10 by 6.67	9	12	7	9
10 by 5	7	9	5	7
10 by 3.33	5	7	3	4
10 by 2.5	4	5	3	4

*A denotes minimum average notched bar impact value of each set of three specimens. *B denotes minimum notched bar impact value of one specimen only of a set.

Grade	Min. Temp. (°F)	Min. Temp. (°C)
1	-50	-45
3	-150	-100
4	-150	-100
6	-50	-45
7	-100	-75
8	-320	-195
9	-100	-75
10	-75	-60
11	-320	-195

• Impact tests specified for temperatures lower than 70 °F [20 °C] should be made with precautions.

Heat Treatment Pipes ASTM A333

Heat treatment of pipes manufactured to ASTM A333 specifications is crucial to control their microstructure and enhance their mechanical properties. Here’s an overview of the heat treatment requirements for ASTM A333 pipes.

Treatment	Applicable Grades	Temperature	Cooling Method
Normalization	All except Grades 8 and 11	Min. 1500 °F [815 °C]	Air or controlled furnace cooling; optional re-heat to tempering temperature
Hot Finishing (seamless only)	As required	1550-1750 °F [845-945 °C]	Air or controlled atmosphere furnace from min. 1550 °F [845 °C]
Quench and Temper	Grades 1, 6, 10 (seamless)	Min. 1500 °F [815 °C]	Quenching in liquid, then re-heat to tempering temperature
Quench/Temper or Double Normalization	Grade 8	Per manufacturer	Per method selected
Annealing + Normalization	Grade 11	1400-1600 °F [760-870 °C]	Per specification

Normalization

Pipes, both seamless and welded, except for Grades 8 and 11, must undergo normalization. This process involves heating the pipes to a uniform temperature of at least 1500 °F [815 °C]. After heating, the pipes are cooled either in the air or in the controlled cooling chamber of a furnace. Alternatively, the pipes can be re-heated to a suitable tempering temperature at the discretion of the manufacturer.

Hot Finishing (Seamless Pipes Only)

For seamless pipes, an additional step known as hot finishing may be required. This involves reheating the pipes to a finishing temperature range of 1550 to 1750 °F [845 to 945 °C]. Hot working and temperature control during the hot-finishing operation are carefully managed to ensure the desired microstructure and properties.

Following hot finishing, the pipes are cooled either in air or in a controlled atmosphere furnace from an initial temperature of no less than 1550 °F [845 °C]. Alternatively, the pipes can be re-heated to a suitable tempering temperature.

Grade-Specific Treatments

Seamless pipes of Grades 1, 6, and 10 may undergo heat treatment by being heated to a uniform temperature of at least 1500 °F [815 °C], followed by quenching in a liquid and subsequent reheating to an appropriate tempering temperature.

Special Considerations for Grades 8 and 11

ASTM A333 Grade 8 pipes require heat treatment by either quenching and tempering or double normalization and tempering methods. Grade 11 pipes, when required, shall undergo annealing followed by normalization within the temperature range of 1400 to 1600 °F [760 to 870 °C].

Proper heat treatment is essential to ensure that ASTM A333 pipes meet the specified mechanical properties, including tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation, as well as the desired microstructure for the intended application.

Conclusion

In summary, while both ASTM A53 and ASTM A106 pipes are widely used in various industries, ASTM A53 is suitable for low-pressure and non-critical applications, while ASTM A106 is suitable for high-temperature service applications. The choice between the two specifications depends on factors such as operating conditions, pressure, temperature, and specific requirements of the application. ASTM A333 pipes are used for low-temperature applications and are available in several grades (A333 Gr.6 being the most common).

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