The lower explosive limit (LEL) is the minimum concentration of a specific combustible gas required to fire combustion when in contact with oxygen (air). If the concentration of the gas is below the LEL value, the mix between the gas itself and the air is too weak to spark. The upper explosive limit (UEL) is the maximum level of concentration of the gas that will burn when mixed with oxygen; when the gas concentration is above the UEL value for the gas/vapor, the mix is too “fat” to ignite or explode.
LEL AND UEL: WHY ARE IMPORTANT?
The range between the lower and the upper explosive limit (LEL / UEL %) is defined as the flammable range of a specific explosive and flammable gas.
Examples of LEL for common gases:
- LEL for Hydrogen: 4.0
- LEL for Methane: 5.0
The risk of explosion of combustible gases has to be managed carefully in any production site handling gases.
To fire an explosion, three conditions should occur at the same time:
- The presence of combustible gas, the fueling element, in a specific concentration
- Presence of oxygen
- The existence of a sparking element (that ignites the two elements)
The proportion of fuel and the oxygen needed to generate an explosion depends on the type of combustible gas. Gases will ignite only when mixed with air within a specific concentration range. If the gas is mixed with oxygen with too low or too high concentrations, the gas will not ignite and explode.
The lower and the upper explosion values (LEL and UEL) define the required level of concentration by type of gas.
Explosions will occur for gas concentrations within the LEL and the UEL value, not above or below, and the maximum explosive power will be for concentration at the midpoint of the flammable range.
LEL UEL CHART
(Note: LEL / UEL values are based on room temperature and atmospheric pressure, ignition fired by a tube of 2-inch diameter.
As the temperature, the pressure and the ignition increase, the explosive limits by gas vary.
The values are determined empirically and may change depending on the source of the information). The lower and the upper explosive limits by gas are:
LEL Gas | LEL % | UEL % | |
Acetone | 2.6 | 13.0 | |
Acetylene | 2.5 | 100.0 | |
Acrylonitrile | 3.0 | 17 | |
Allene | 1.5 | 11.5 | |
Ammonia | 15.0 | 28.0 | |
Benzene | 1.3 | 7.9 | |
1,3-Butadiene | 2.0 | 12.0 | |
Butane | 1.8 | 8.4 | |
n-Butanol | 1.7 | 12.0 | |
1-Butene | 1.6 | 10.0 | |
Cis-2-Butene | 1.7 | 9.7 | |
Trans-2-Butene | 1.7 | 9.7 | |
Butyl Acetate | 1.4 | 8.0 | |
Carbon Monoxide | 12.5 | 74.0 | |
Carbonyl Sulfide | 12.0 | 29.0 | |
Chlorotrifluoroethylene | 8.4 | 38.7 | |
Cumene | 0.9 | 6.5 | |
Cyanogen | 6.6 | 32.0 | |
Cyclohexane | 1.3 | 7.8 | |
Cyclopropane | 2.4 | 10.4 | |
Deuterium | 4.9 | 75.0 | |
Diborane | 0.8 | 88.0 | |
Dichlorosilane | 4.1 | 98.8 | |
Diethylbenzene | 0.8 |
– |
|
1,1-Difluoro-1-Chloroethane | 9.0 | 14.8 | |
1,1-Difluoroethane | 5.1 | 17.1 | |
1,1-Difluoroethylene | 5.5 | 21.3 | |
Dimethylamine | 2.8 | 14.4 | |
Dimethyl Ether | 3.4 | 27.0 | |
2,2-Dimethylpropane | 1.4 | 7.5 | |
Ethane | 3.0 | 12.4 | |
Ethanol | 3.3 | 19.0 | |
Ethyl Acetate | 2.2 | 11.0 | |
Ethyl Benzene | 1.0 | 6.7 | |
Ethyl Chloride | 3.8 | 15.4 | |
Ethylene | 2.7 | 36.0 | |
Ethylene Oxide | 3.6 | 100.0 | |
Gasoline | 1.2 | 7.1 |
Gas | LEL | UEL | |
Heptane | 1.1 | 6.7 | |
Hexane | 1.2 | 7.4 | |
Hydrogen | 4.0 | 75.0 | |
Hydrogen Cyanide | 5.6 | 40.0 | |
Hydrogen Sulfide | 4.0 | 44.0 | |
Isobutane | 1.8 | 8.4 | |
Isobutylene | 1.8 | 9.6 | |
Isopropanol | 2.2 |
– |
|
Methane | 5.0 | 15.0 | |
Methanol | 6.7 | 36.0 | |
Methylacetylene | 1.7 | 11.7 | |
Methyl Bromide | 10.0 | 15.0 | |
3-Methyl-1-Butene | 1.5 | 9.1 | |
Methyl Cellosolve | 2.5 | 20.0 | |
Methyl Chloride | 7.0 | 17.4 | |
Methyl Ethyl Ketone | 1.9 | 10.0 | |
Methyl Mercaptan | 3.9 | 21.8 | |
Methyl Vinyl Ether | 2.6 | 39.0 | |
Monoethylamine | 3.5 | 14.0 | |
Monomethylamine | 4.9 | 20.7 | |
Nickel Carbonyl | 2.0 |
– |
|
Pentane | 1.4 | 7.8 | |
Picoline | 1.4 |
– |
|
Propane | 2.1 | 9.5 | |
Propylene | 2.4 | 11.0 | |
Propylene Oxide | 2.8 | 37.0 | |
Styrene | 1.1 |
– |
|
Tetrafluoroethylene | 4.0 | 43.0 | |
Tetrahydrofuran | 2.0 |
– |
|
Toluene | 1.2 | 7.1 | |
Trichloroethylene | 12.0 | 40.0 | |
Trimethylamine | 2.0 | 12.0 | |
Turpentine | 0.7 |
– |
|
Vinyl Acetate | 2.6 |
– |
|
Vinyl Bromide | 9.0 | 14.0 | |
Vinyl Chloride | 4.0 | 22.0 | |
Vinyl Fluoride | 2.6 | 21.7 | |
Xylene | 1.1 | 6.6 |
LEL/UEL METERS
To operate safely in hazardous environments, i.e. closed spaces with combustible gases present, the concentration of the gas should be monitored closely.
As the concentration of the gas exceeds 20% of the gas LEL, is considered unsafe.
To monitor gas concentration value in closed and hazardous environments, operators may use LEL meters (also called, LEL meters/detectors) which are designed with catalytic bead and infrared sensing elements to measure the lower explosive limit of gases.
These gas detectors give warnings to the operators whenever the combustible gas is present in the environment at levels around 10%.
LEL meters are rather sophisticated devices, that feature microprocessors based modular design with self-calibration and digital display of the information.
The most used LEL meter is the Wheatstone bridge type, which is effective for most applications and environments.
However, the Wheatstone bridge LEL detector may not be effective for specific conditions, or gases, that require higher sensitivity sensors. The PID detectors (“Photoionization detectors”) are an option when a more accurate LEL measurement is required in hazardous environments.
PID can measure the concentration of inflammable gases and other toxic gases even at very low levels (from ppb, i.e. parts per billion, up to 10k ppm, i.e. 1%).
PIDs are way more sensitive tools then common LEL meters and are generally more expensive. PIDs are suited to measure the following organic compounds:
- Alcohol
- Aromatics
- Amines & Amides
- Chlorinated hydrocarbons
- Ketones & Aldehydes
- Sulfur compounds
- Unsaturated hydrocarbons
- Saturated hydrocarbons – like butane and octane
The inorganic compounds that can be measured by photoionization detectors are:
- Ammonia
- Bromine
- Iodine
- Hydrogen sulfide
- Nitric Oxide
- Semiconductor gases
8 Responses
This is my first time visit at here and i am actually pleassant to read all at single place.
For methane LEL 5% UEL 15% range for ignition, how much percentage of air needed within these range in order to ignite?
What is the minimum/maximum percentage of air that combustion is impossible?
Dear Jonathan, thanks for your question. I have checked with our team, and unfortunately, we do not have an answer;(
Shall we add a forum to our site, in your opinion, so questions like yours may find an answer within the community?
Best, Projectmaterials
Hi Jonathan,
Essentially LEL = 5 volume % and UEL = 15 volume %
This means a part of a volume (shape/room) has to be filled to reach this level.
So if a room is filled with 5% methane and 95% air you have reached LEL and the mixture is explosive.
If a room is filled with 15% methane and 85% air the mixture is to rich to explode and you have reached UEL.
If you’re using a LEL detector it will display % LEL.
If it displays 50% LEL you will have half of the LEL so this equals 2,5 vol% and the mixture is too lean to be explosive.
Most LEL detectors will sound a alarm at 10% LEL, so you’re really on the safe side.
Hope this explains it.
86 to 96
As per ISGOTT Flammabillity diagram minimum percentage of air for combustion is around 12% by volume, max 20.9%
I find it interesting that operators may use LEL detectors to monitor the gas concentration in closed environments. I think that it would be crucial to purchase these gas detection products from a trustworthy provider. Doing so could ensure that they will work properly and provide accurate results.
Hi every body,
My question is that if our concern is fire and we are within the LEL i.e. out of flammable range, then why do we worry to measure the %LEL if it is 5% LEL or 10% LEL ?
As long as we are below LEL we are safe in terms of fire hazard.
My second question, please reply,
If within LEL there is no risk of fire, then why do we call this device combustible detector since there is no risk of combustion ?