COPPER TUBES

WHAT ARE COPPER TUBES?

Copper tubes are a type of piping used extensively for plumbing, HVAC, and certain industrial applications. Known for their durability, excellent thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance, copper tubes are ideal for both hot and cold water supply lines, heating systems, and even for specific uses within the oil and gas industry.

Their antimicrobial properties also contribute to their widespread use in delivering clean water. Copper tubes come in various sizes and grades to meet different requirements and standards, ensuring safety and quality in their applications.

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS IN PLUMBING

Copper tubes and pipes are widely used in plumbing systems due to their excellent properties and numerous advantages. Here are some key applications of copper tubes/pipes in plumbing:

Potable Water Supply:

• Copper pipes are extensively used for conveying potable water in residential, commercial, and industrial buildings.
• Their corrosion resistance ensures the purity of drinking water, as copper does not react with water or contribute harmful substances.
• Copper’s antimicrobial properties also help inhibit the growth of bacteria, making it ideal for drinking water systems.

Hot and Cold Water Distribution:

• Copper’s ability to withstand high temperatures makes it suitable for both hot and cold water distribution systems.
• It maintains its strength and integrity even at elevated temperatures, ensuring reliable performance in various climates and operating conditions.

Plumbing Fixtures and Fittings:

• Copper tubes are commonly used to connect plumbing fixtures such as sinks, faucets, showers, and toilets.
• They provide secure and leak-resistant connections, helping to maintain the integrity of the plumbing system over time.

Underground Water Lines:

• Copper pipes are often buried underground for water supply lines in residential, commercial, and municipal applications.
• Their durability and resistance to corrosion make them suitable for long-term underground installations, providing reliable water supply to buildings and communities.

Recirculating Hot Water Systems:

• In recirculating hot water systems, copper tubes are used to circulate hot water from the water heater to various fixtures quickly.
• Copper’s thermal conductivity allows for efficient heat transfer, reducing wait times for hot water and conserving energy.

Fire Sprinkler Systems:

• Copper pipes are also used in fire sprinkler systems for their reliability and resistance to heat and corrosion.
• They ensure rapid and effective water distribution in the event of a fire, helping to suppress flames and protect property and lives.

Solar Water Heating Systems:

• Copper tubes are preferred for solar water heating systems due to their excellent thermal conductivity and resistance to corrosion.
• They facilitate the transfer of solar heat to water, maximizing the efficiency of the system and reducing energy costs.

APPLICATIONS IN THE OIL & GAS INDUSTRY

Copper tubes and pipes find limited applications in the oil and gas industry compared to other materials like carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, and nickel alloys.

However, there are specific niche applications where copper tubes/pipes are utilized due to their unique properties. Here are some key applications of copper tubes/pipes in the oil & gas industry:

Heat Exchangers:

• Copper tubes are used in heat exchangers for cooling or heating fluids in various processes within refineries and petrochemical plants.
• Their excellent thermal conductivity allows for efficient heat transfer, making them suitable for applications such as condensers and evaporators.

Instrumentation and Control Lines:

• Copper tubes are sometimes used for small-diameter instrumentation and control lines in oil and gas processing facilities.
• Their corrosion resistance and malleability make them suitable for conveying sensitive fluids or gases in instrumentation systems.

Hydraulic Systems:

• In certain hydraulic systems where corrosion resistance and thermal conductivity are crucial, copper tubes may be employed.
• They can be found in hydraulic control systems for valves, actuators, and other equipment in oil and gas production and processing operations.

Chemical Injection Lines:

• Copper tubes are occasionally used for chemical injection lines in offshore platforms and production facilities.
• Their resistance to corrosion and compatibility with various chemicals make them suitable for delivering corrosion inhibitors, biocides, and other chemicals into oil and gas wells or pipelines.

Subsea Equipment:

• In some subsea applications, copper tubes may be utilized for specific components or equipment.
• Copper’s resistance to corrosion in seawater and its ability to withstand high pressures and temperatures make it suitable for certain subsea instrumentation or control systems.

Small-Diameter Tubing:

• Copper tubes can be employed for small-diameter piping in auxiliary systems or instrumentation where the low weight and ease of installation are advantageous.
• They may be used for low-pressure gas lines or sample lines in laboratory testing and analysis within oil and gas facilities.

While copper tubes and pipes are not as prevalent in the oil and gas industry as steel or other materials, they still find niche applications where their unique properties offer advantages in specific processes or environments. It’s essential to carefully assess the requirements of each application to determine the suitability of copper tubes/pipes relative to other materials.

THE EXCEPTIONAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER

Copper is a versatile and highly valuable metal with a wide range of properties that make it ideal for various applications, including the manufacturing of copper tubes.

Here are some key properties of copper relevant to copper tubes:

Excellent Conductivity:

• Copper is one of the most conductive metals, both electrically and thermally.
• This property makes copper tubes highly efficient for transporting fluids or gases and for conducting heat in heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), and refrigeration systems.

Corrosion Resistance:

• Copper exhibits excellent corrosion resistance, particularly in natural environments.
• This resistance to corrosion makes copper tubes suitable for use in plumbing systems, where they are exposed to water and other corrosive substances, ensuring long-term reliability and durability.

Malleability and Ductility:

• Copper is highly malleable and ductile, meaning it can be easily shaped, formed, and bent without cracking or breaking.
• This property allows for the fabrication of copper tubes into various shapes and configurations, facilitating easy installation and adaptability to complex plumbing or HVAC layouts.

High Strength:

• Despite its malleability, copper possesses high tensile strength, allowing copper tubes to withstand internal pressure and external forces without deforming or rupturing.
• This combination of strength and ductility ensures the integrity and structural stability of copper tubes under normal operating conditions.

Antimicrobial Properties:

• Copper exhibits natural antimicrobial properties, which inhibit the growth and proliferation of bacteria, viruses, and fungi on its surface.
• This property makes copper tubes suitable for applications where hygiene and sanitation are critical, such as in potable water systems and medical gas pipelines.

Durability:

• Copper is a durable metal with excellent resistance to wear, abrasion, and fatigue.
• Copper tubes can withstand harsh operating conditions, including high temperatures, pressure fluctuations, and mechanical stresses, without degrading or deteriorating over time.

Compatibility:

• Copper is compatible with a wide range of materials commonly used in plumbing and HVAC systems, including solder, fluxes, sealants, and insulation materials.
• This compatibility ensures reliable connections, joints, and seals, minimizing the risk of leaks or failures in copper tube installations.

Recyclability:

• Copper is highly recyclable, with virtually all scrap copper being recoverable and reusable.
• This property contributes to the sustainability and environmental friendliness of copper tubes, reducing the need for virgin materials and minimizing waste in manufacturing processes.

Overall, the combination of conductivity, corrosion resistance, malleability, strength, antimicrobial properties, durability, compatibility, and recyclability makes copper an ideal material for manufacturing high-quality and reliable copper tubes used in plumbing, HVAC, refrigeration, and various industrial applications.

SPECIFICATIONS FOR COPPER TUBES

ASTM SPECIFICATION FOR COPPER TUBES

Copper tubes are widely used in various industries, including plumbing, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), and industrial applications. Different regions have their own specifications for copper tubes. The American specifications (ASTM) for copper tubes are:

ASTM B88/B88M – Seamless Copper Water Tube:

• ASTM B88/B88M: the B88 specification defines the requirements for seamless copper water tubes used in general plumbing, heating, and cooling applications.
• This standard categorizes copper tubes based on their nominal sizes, wall thicknesses, and temper conditions.
• Types K, L, and M are the most common classifications, with Type K having the thickest walls and Type M the thinnest.
• Common copper alloys specified in ASTM B88/B88M include C12200 (Phosphorus-Deoxidized Copper), C10200 (Oxygen-Free Copper), and C11000 (Electrolytic Tough Pitch Copper).

ASTM B280 – Seamless Copper Tube for Air Conditioning and Refrigeration:

• ASTM B280 specifies seamless copper tubes for air conditioning and refrigeration field service.
• This standard covers tubes in straight lengths for the distribution of refrigerants and other gases in HVAC systems.
• Common copper alloys specified in ASTM B280 include C12200 (Phosphorus-Deoxidized Copper) and C12000 (DLP Copper).

ASTM B306 – Copper Drainage Tube (DWV):

• ASTM B306 covers seamless copper drainage tubes (DWV) for use in gravity drainage systems.
• These tubes are typically used in drainage, waste, and vent (DWV) systems in residential and commercial buildings.
• Copper tubes used for DWV applications typically include various grades of copper, such as C12200 (Phosphorus-Deoxidized Copper) and C10100 (Oxygen-Free Electronic Copper).

ASTM B837 – Seamless Copper Tube for Natural Gas and Liquified Petroleum (LP) Gas Fuel Distribution Systems:

• ASTM B837 specifies seamless copper tubes suitable for use in natural gas and LP gas fuel distribution systems.
• These tubes are designed to withstand the pressures and conditions associated with the distribution of natural gas and LP gas.
• Common copper alloys specified in ASTM B837 include C12200 (Phosphorus-Deoxidized Copper) and C10100 (Oxygen-Free Electronic Copper).

ASTM B819 – Seamless Copper Tube for Medical Gas Systems:

• ASTM B819 provides requirements for seamless copper tubes intended for use in medical gas systems.
• These tubes are used for the distribution of medical gases, such as oxygen and nitrogen, in healthcare facilities.
• Common copper alloys specified in ASTM B819 include C12200 (Phosphorus-Deoxidized Copper) and C10100 (Oxygen-Free Electronic Copper).

ASTM B743 – Seamless Copper Tube in Coils:

• ASTM B743 covers seamless copper tubes in coils for general engineering purposes.
• These coils are typically used in various industrial applications where continuous lengths of copper tubing are required.

These standard categorizes copper tubes into three types – K, L, and M – each serving different pressure and application demands, from residential to commercial and industrial settings.

TYPES OF COPPER TUBES BY ASTM B88: K, L, M, DMW

EUROPEAN SPECIFICATION FOR COPPER TUBES (EN 1057)

In Europe, copper tubes and pipes are governed by several specifications established by European standardization organizations.

The most notable specification for copper tubes and pipes in Europe is EN 1057, which defines the requirements for copper and copper alloy seamless round tubes for water and gas in sanitary and heating applications.

Additionally, there are other relevant European specifications for specific applications and industries. Here are some key European specifications for copper tubes/pipes:

EN 1057 – Copper and Copper Alloys – Seamless, Round Tubes for Water and Gas in Sanitary and Heating Applications:

• EN 1057 specifies the requirements for copper and copper alloy seamless round tubes used in plumbing, heating, and gas distribution systems.
• It categorizes copper tubes into different types (R220, R250, R290, R360) based on their composition and suitability for specific applications.

EN 12449 – Copper and Copper Alloys – Seamless, Round Tubes for General Purposes:

• EN 12449 outlines the requirements for seamless, round copper tubes used in various general applications.
• This standard covers a wide range of copper tube sizes and types for diverse industrial, commercial, and residential uses.

EN 13348 – Copper and Copper Alloys – Seamless, Round Copper Tubes for Medical Gases or Vacuum:

• EN 13348 specifies seamless, round copper tubes used for medical gas pipeline systems or vacuum systems.
• These tubes are designed to meet the specific requirements of medical facilities, ensuring the safe and reliable distribution of medical gases.

EN 13600 – Copper and Copper Alloys – Seamless, Round Copper Tubes for Industrial Purposes:

• EN 13600 provides specifications for seamless, round copper tubes intended for various industrial purposes.
• It covers copper tubes used in industrial processes, equipment manufacturing, and other specialized applications.

EN 12450 – Copper and Copper Alloys – Seamless, Round Copper Tubes for Water and Gas in Sanitary and Heating Applications:

• EN 12450 specifies requirements for seamless, round copper tubes specifically intended for water and gas applications in sanitary and heating systems.
• This standard complements EN 1057 by providing additional specifications for certain types of copper tubes used in these applications.

These European specifications ensure that copper tubes and pipes meet stringent quality standards, dimensional tolerances, mechanical properties, and performance requirements for their intended uses across various industries and applications. Manufacturers and suppliers adhere to these standards to provide products that deliver reliability, safety, and efficiency in plumbing, heating, gas distribution, medical, and industrial systems.

TYPES OF COPPER TUBES BY EN1057: R220, R250, R290, R360

EN 1057 is a European standard that specifies the requirements for copper and copper alloy seamless round tubes for water and gas in sanitary and heating applications. According to EN 1057, there are several types of copper tubes distinguished by their composition and application suitability. Here are the main types:

R220

• This type of copper tube is made from copper with a minimum copper content of 99.90%.
• It is typically used for general purposes where the high corrosion resistance of copper is required, such as in plumbing installations for drinking water.

R250

• Copper tubes classified as R250 are made from copper with a minimum copper content of 99.85%.
• These tubes offer excellent corrosion resistance and are suitable for various applications including heating systems, hot and cold water distribution, and gas installations.

R290

• R290 copper tubes are manufactured from copper with a minimum copper content of 99.70%.
• They are often used in situations where the tube may be exposed to more aggressive environments or where higher mechanical strength is required, such as industrial applications and specific heating installations.

R360

• Copper tubes designated as R360 are composed of copper with a minimum copper content of 99.50%.
• These tubes are less common but may be utilized in specialized applications where the pipe is subjected to extreme conditions or where enhanced mechanical properties are necessary.

Each type of copper tube specified by EN 1057 offers varying levels of purity and strength, allowing for the selection of the most suitable material based on the specific requirements of the intended application. It’s crucial to choose the right type of copper tube to ensure longevity, efficiency, and safety in plumbing and heating systems.

DELIVERY OPTIONS FOR COPPER TUBES

COPPER TUBE SHAPES/FORMATS

Copper tubes can be delivered in various shapes and forms to accommodate different installation methods and requirements. The most common shapes of delivery for copper tubes include:

Straight Lengths:

• Straight lengths are the most basic form of delivery for copper tubes.
• These tubes are typically supplied in standard lengths, such as 10 feet (3 meters) or 20 feet (6 meters), although custom lengths may also be available.
• Straight lengths are convenient for installations where the tubing needs to run in a linear path without significant bends or curves.

Coils:

• Copper tubes can be delivered in coil form, where the tubing is wound into a circular coil.
• Coils are commonly used for applications where flexibility and ease of installation are important, such as in residential plumbing and HVAC systems.
• Coiled copper tubes can be easily maneuvered around obstacles and corners, reducing the need for fittings and joints.

Pancake Coils:

• Pancake coils are a specific type of coil where the tubing is tightly wound into a flat, pancake-like shape.
• These coils are often used in confined spaces or for applications where space is limited, such as in tight crawl spaces or behind walls.
• Pancake coils are convenient for storage and transportation and can be easily unrolled and straightened during installation.

Pre-Insulated Copper Tubes:

• Pre-insulated copper tubes are copper tubes that come encased in insulation material, such as foam or rubber.
• These tubes are commonly used for chilled water or refrigeration applications where insulation is necessary to prevent condensation and maintain temperature efficiency.
• Pre-insulated copper tubes simplify installation by combining the tubing and insulation into a single product.

Custom Shapes and Forms:

• In addition to standard straight lengths and coils, copper tubes can be fabricated into custom shapes and forms to meet specific project requirements.
• This may include bending, flaring, swaging, or other forming processes to create tubes with specialized angles, curves, or connections.
• Custom-shaped copper tubes are often used in unique or complex installations where standard tubing configurations are not suitable.

These different shapes of delivery for copper tubes offer flexibility and versatility to meet the diverse needs of plumbing, heating, HVAC, and other applications. The choice of shape depends on factors such as installation requirements, space constraints, and project specifications.

COPPER TUBE SURFACE FINISH

Copper tubes can have various surface finishes applied to them to enhance their performance, protect against corrosion, and improve aesthetics. The types of surface finishes commonly used for copper tubes include:

Bright Annealed (BA):

• Bright annealing is a heat treatment process that produces a shiny, reflective surface finish on copper tubes.
• BA finish enhances the appearance of the tubes, making them aesthetically pleasing.
• This finish also improves corrosion resistance and facilitates easier cleaning of the tube surface.

Mill Finish:

• Mill finish refers to the surface condition of copper tubes as they come from the manufacturing process without any additional treatment.
• It typically has a smooth, but not highly polished, surface appearance.
• Mill finish copper tubes may be used as-is or further processed with additional surface treatments based on specific requirements.

Polished Finish:

• Polished finishes involve mechanical or chemical processes to achieve a smooth and reflective surface on copper tubes.
• Various grit sizes are used in polishing to achieve different levels of surface smoothness and shine.
• Polished copper tubes are often used in applications where appearance is important, such as architectural and decorative applications.

Lacquered Finish:

• A lacquered finish involves applying a protective lacquer coating to the surface of copper tubes to prevent tarnishing and corrosion.
• The lacquer coating provides a durable barrier against environmental elements, moisture, and chemicals.
• Lacquered copper tubes are commonly used in plumbing and HVAC applications where exposed to harsh conditions or where aesthetics are important.

Tinned Finish:

• Tinning involves applying a thin layer of tin onto the surface of copper tubes to improve solderability and corrosion resistance.
• Tinned copper tubes are often used in plumbing and refrigeration systems where soldered connections are required.
• The tin coating also provides additional protection against oxidation and tarnishing.

Oxidized Finish:

• Oxidized finish, also known as patina or verdigris, results from the natural oxidation of copper over time.
• This finish gives copper tubes a characteristic greenish-brown color and a weathered appearance.
• Oxidized copper tubes are commonly used in exterior applications, such as roofing and architectural elements, where a rustic or antique look is desired.

These surface finishes for copper tubes offer a range of options to meet specific performance, aesthetic, and functional requirements in various applications. The choice of finish depends on factors such as environmental conditions, intended use, and desired appearance.