Projectmaterials

flange materials 1

A Closer Look at ASTM Forged Grades as Flange Materials

Reading Time: 13 minutes

The most common materials for pipe flanges (forged grades) are: ASTM A105 (carbon steel high temperature to match A53/A106/API 5L pipes), A350 Grades LF1/2/3/6 (carbon steel low temperature to match A333 pipes Gr. 1 to 6), ASTM A694 Grades F42 to F80 (high yield carbon steel to match API 5L pipe grades X42 to X80), ASTM A182 Grades F5 to F91 (alloy steel flanges to match A335 pipes P5 to P91), A182 Grade F304/316 (stainless steel flanges to match A312 SS pipes), A182 Gr. F44/F51/F53/F55 (duplex and super duplex to match A790/A928 pipes) and various nickel alloy grades (Inconel, Incoloy, Hastelloy, Monel).

CARBON STEEL FLANGES

USAGE OF CS FLANGES

Carbon steel flanges are widely used in various industrial applications due to their strength, durability, and cost-effectiveness. Understanding when to use carbon steel flanges involves considering the specific requirements of the application, including the operating conditions, the nature of the fluids being handled, and budget constraints.

Carbon Steel Flange Materials

Here are several scenarios where carbon steel flanges are typically the preferred choice:

1. Moderate to High-Pressure Systems

Carbon steel flanges are suitable for applications that operate under moderate to high-pressure conditions. Their robustness makes them ideal for pipelines, process plants, and equipment that need to withstand substantial pressure without compromising the integrity of the flanged connection.

2. Ambient to High-Temperature Applications

These flanges can handle a wide range of temperatures, making them suitable for systems that operate at ambient temperatures up to those that require high-temperature resistance. Carbon steel maintains its structural integrity under elevated temperatures, though the specific grade of carbon steel will determine its maximum temperature limit.

3. Non-corrosive or Mildly Corrosive Environments

Carbon steel flanges are best used in environments where the risk of corrosion is low to moderate. They can handle exposure to water and some chemicals, but they are not suitable for highly corrosive substances like strong acids or chloride-bearing environments, where stainless steel or alloy flanges would be more appropriate.

4. Cost-Sensitive Projects

One of the significant advantages of carbon steel flanges is their cost-effectiveness compared to stainless steel or alloy flanges. In projects where budget constraints are a critical consideration, carbon steel flanges offer a reliable solution without a significant financial investment.

5. Industrial and Utility Piping

Carbon steel flanges are commonly used in industrial settings, including oil and gas, petrochemical, water treatment, and manufacturing facilities, as well as in utility systems such as steam, water, and gas distribution networks. Their versatility and durability make them well-suited to the rigorous demands of these applications.

6. Structural Applications

In addition to piping systems, carbon steel flanges can also be used in structural applications where components need to be joined securely. Their high strength and ability to be welded make them suitable for constructing frames, supports, and other structural elements.

Key Considerations:

  • Corrosion Protection: While carbon steel flanges are not inherently resistant to corrosion, protective coatings or treatments, such as painting or galvanizing, can extend their life in corrosive environments.
  • Material Compatibility: Ensure that the flange material is compatible with the fluid being handled and the connecting piping or equipment materials to prevent galvanic corrosion or other compatibility issues.

The following tables show the chemical composition and the mechanical properties of the three main carbon steel flanges material grades:

  • ASTM A105 (high-temperature carbon steel) to match A53, A106, API 5L carbon steel pipes
  • ASTM A350 LF1, LF2, LF3 (low-temperature carbon steel) to match ASTM A333 pipes
  • ASTM A694 F42, F52, F60, F65 (high-yield carbon steel to match API 5L X42, X52, X60, and X65 steel pipes

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ASTM A105, A350, A694

ASTM A105 (High-temperature carbon steel flange material)

CMnPSSiCuNiCrMoV
A1050.600.10
0.351.050.0350.0400.350.400.400.300.120.08

ASTM A350 (Low-Temperature carbon steel flange material)

C%Mn%Si%S%P%Cr%Ni%
A350 LF10.30 max0.6/1.35.15/.30.040 max.035 max0.30 max0.40 max
A350 LF20.30 max0.6/1.35.15/.30.040 max.035 max0.30 max0.40 max
A350 LF30.20 max0.9.20/.35.040 max.035 max0.30 max3.3/3.7
ASTM A694 (High-yield carbon steel flanges)
CMnPSSi
ASTM A694 F420.26-0.2651.60-1.640.025-0.0300.025-0.0300.15-0.35
ASTM A694 F520.26-0.2651.60-1.640.025-0.0300.025-0.0300.15-0.35
ASTM A694 F600.26-0.2651.60-1.640.025-0.0300.025-0.0300.15-0.35
ASTM A694 F650.26-0.2651.60-1.640.025-0.0300.025-0.0300.15-0.35

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES A105, A350, A694

ASTM A105 (High-temperature carbon steel flange material)

PropertyASTM A105ASTM A350-LF2
Tensile Strength Min, psi70,00070,000-95,000
Tensile Strength Min, N/mm²485485-655
Yield Strength Min, psi36,00036,000
Yield Strength Min, N/mm²250250
Elongation (%)2222
Reduction of Area (%)3030
Hardness, maximum18715/12 ft-lbs
CVN at -50℉20/16 joules

ASTM A694 (High-yield carbon steel flanges)

ASTM A694 Flange Material GradeMin Yield Strength (0.2 % Offset), in ksi [MPa]MinTensile StrengthElongation in 2 in. or 50 mm, min %
in ksi [MPa]
A694 F4242 [290]60 [415]20
A694 F4646 [315]60 [415]20
A694 F4848 [330]62 [425]20
A694 F5050 [345]64 [440]20
A694 F5252 [360]66 [455]20
A694 F5656 [385]68 [470]20
A694 F6060 [415]75 [515]20
A694 F6565 [450]77 [530]20
A694 F7070 [485]82 [565]18

ALLOY STEEL FLANGES

USAGE OF CS FLANGES

Alloy steel flanges, particularly those made from chrome molybdenum (chrome moly) steel, are selected for specific applications that require enhanced properties not offered by carbon steel flanges. Chrome moly steels, designated as ASTM A182 F1, F5, F9, F11, F22, and F91, are known for their strength, durability, and resistance to high temperatures and pressures.

ASTM A182 alloy flanges are extremely ductile, strong, tough, and easy to weld and offer oxidation and scaling resistance. These grades match with ASTM A335 alloy steel pipes.

Alloy Steel Flange Materials

Here are several scenarios where alloy steel (chrome moly) flanges are the preferred choice:

1. High-Temperature Applications

Chrome moly flanges are particularly suitable for high-temperature applications, such as in the power generation industry (including boilers and heat exchangers) and petrochemical plants. The addition of chromium and molybdenum improves the steel’s ability to withstand elevated temperatures without losing strength or undergoing deformation.

2. High-Pressure Environments

The enhanced strength of chrome-moly steel makes these flanges ideal for use in high-pressure systems. They can maintain integrity under stress and are often used in pressure vessels, high-pressure piping systems, and in applications where mechanical properties must be maintained under stress.

3. Corrosive Environments

While not as resistant to corrosion as stainless steel, chrome-moly flanges offer better corrosion resistance than carbon steel flanges, especially in environments where oxidation is a concern. Their use in mildly corrosive environments can reduce the risk of rust and corrosion-related failures.

4. Refineries and Chemical Processing

The robust nature of alloy steel flanges makes them suitable for the harsh conditions found in refineries and chemical processing plants. These flanges can withstand the thermal and mechanical stresses associated with processing high-temperature fluids and gases.

5. Oil and Gas Industry

In the oil and gas sector, chrome-moly flanges are used for drilling and extraction equipment, as well as for piping systems that transport hot oils, gases, and steam. Their durability and temperature resistance are crucial for the reliability and safety of these applications.

6. Fossil and Nuclear Power Plants

Alloy steel flanges play a critical role in both fossil fuel and nuclear power plants, where they are used in the construction of turbines, reactors, and other high-temperature, high-pressure components.

Key Considerations:

  • Material Specification: Selecting the correct grade of chrome moly steel is essential, depending on the specific temperature and pressure conditions of the application.
  • Cost vs. Performance: Alloy steel flanges are generally more expensive than carbon steel flanges, so their use should be justified by the operational requirements that necessitate their enhanced properties.
  • Welding and Fabrication: Special care must be taken during the welding and fabrication of alloy steel flanges to prevent issues such as cracking. Preheating and post-weld heat treatment may be necessary, depending on the alloy composition and the application.

Alloy flange materials (chrome-moly) have higher chrome and molybdenum content than carbon steel flanges. Alloy steel flange materials suit high-temperature and high-pressure applications and improve corrosion resistance when compared to regular carbon steel flange grades.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ASTM A182 F5, F9, F11, F22

ELEMENT & PROPERTIESLOW ALLOY STEELMEDIUM ALLOY STEEL
F11 CL2F22 CL3F5F9
CARBON0.10-0.200.05-0.150.15 MAX0.15 MAX
MANGANESE0.30-0.800.30-0.600.30-0.600.30-0.60
PHOSPHORUS MAX0.0400.0400.030.030
SULFUR MAX0.0400.0400.030.030
SILICON0.50-1.000.50 MAX0.50 MAX0.50-1.00
NICKEL MAX0.50
CHROMIUM1.00-1.502.00-2.504.00-6.008.0-10.0
MOLYBDENUM0.44-0.650.87-1.130.44-0.650.90-1.10
OPPER MA
COLUMBIUM MAX
VANADIUM MAX

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES A182

ELEMENT & PROPERTIESLOW ALLOY STEELMEDIUM ALLOY STEEL
F11 CL2F22 CL3F5F9
TENSILE STRENGTH PSI (MPA)70,000 (485)75,000 (515)70,000 (485)85,000 (585)
YIELD STRENGTH PSI MIN40,000 (275)45,000 (310)40,000 (275)55,000 (380)
ELONGATION 2” % MIN20202020
REDUCTION AREA % MIN30303540
HARDNESS (HB) MAX*143 ~ 207156 ~ 207143 ~ 217179 ~ 217

Recommended service for alloy steel flange material grades ASTM A182:

ASTM A182 ALLOY STEEL FLANGETRADE DESIGNATIONRECOMMENDED SERVICE
A182 F1C-1/2 Mo Low Alloy SteelNon-corrosive applications Including water, oil, and gases at temperatures between -29 ~ 593ºC* (Not prolonged use > 470ºC).
A182 F20.75% Ni; Mo; 0.75% Cr Low Alloy SteelNon-corrosive applications including water, oil, and gases at temperatures F2:-29ºC ~ 538ºC, WC5: -29ºC ~ 575ºC
A182 F111 1/4% Chrome; 1/2% Moly Low Alloy SteelNon-corrosive applications inclusive of water, oil, and gases at temperatures between -30ºC (-20ºF) and +593ºC (+1100ºF).
A182 F222 1/4% Chrome Low Alloy SteelNon-corrosive applications inclusive of water, oil, and gases at temperatures between -30ºC (-20ºF) and +593ºC (+1100ºF).
A182 F5/F5a5% Chrome; 1/2% Moly, Medium Alloy SteelMild corrosive or erosive applications as well as non-corrosive applications at temperatures between -30ºC (-20ºF) and +650ºC (+1200ºF).
A182 F99% Chrome; 1% Moly, Medium Alloy SteelMild corrosive or erosive applications as well as non-corrosive applications at temperatures between -30ºC (-20ºF) and +650ºC (+1200ºF).
A182 F919% Chrome; 1% Moly; V-N, Medium Alloy SteelMild corrosive or erosive applications as well as non-corrosive applications at temperatures between -30ºC (-20ºF) and +650ºC (+1200ºF).

STAINLESS STEEL FLANGES

USAGE OF SS FLANGES (304/316)

Stainless steel flanges are chosen for their corrosion resistance, durability, and ability to maintain integrity under both high and low temperatures. These flanges are used across a wide range of applications, particularly in environments where exposure to corrosive elements is a concern. Stainless steel flanges are used in conjunction with stainless steel pipes ATSM A312.

Here are several scenarios where stainless steel flanges are the preferred choice:

1. Corrosive Environments

Stainless steel, with its high chromium content, offers excellent resistance to corrosion caused by a variety of chemical media, including acids, alkalis, and salts. This makes stainless steel flanges ideal for use in chemical processing plants, pulp and paper manufacturing, and wastewater treatment facilities where exposure to corrosive substances is common.

2. Food and Beverage Industry

The non-reactive properties of stainless steel make it suitable for applications involving food and beverage processing. Stainless steel flanges can withstand repeated cleaning and sterilization processes without corroding or leaching into the product, ensuring safety and hygiene.

3. Pharmaceutical and Biotech Industries

Similar to the food and beverage industry, the pharmaceutical and biotech sectors require materials that maintain purity and resist contamination. Stainless steel flanges are used in these industries for their corrosion resistance and ability to maintain cleanliness, crucial for process integrity and product quality.

4. High-Temperature Applications

Certain grades of stainless steel, such as 316, 310, and 321, can withstand high temperatures, making them suitable for heat exchangers, boilers, and exhaust systems. These flanges maintain structural integrity and resist scaling at elevated temperatures.

5. Cryogenic Applications

Some stainless steel alloys, like Austenitic stainless steels, exhibit excellent toughness at cryogenic temperatures, making them suitable for use in applications involving liquefied natural gas (LNG) and other low-temperature processes.

6. Marine and Coastal Applications

The marine environment is particularly harsh, with exposure to saltwater and high humidity. Stainless steel flanges offer superior resistance to saltwater corrosion, making them suitable for shipbuilding, offshore oil rigs, and coastal facilities.

7. Aesthetic Considerations

In architectural and public infrastructure applications where appearance is important, stainless steel flanges offer a clean, modern look in addition to their structural and corrosion-resistant properties.

Key Considerations:

  • Grade Selection: Different grades of stainless steel are available, each offering varying levels of corrosion resistance, strength, and temperature tolerance. Selecting the appropriate grade (e.g., 304, 316, 317) based on the specific environmental conditions and media involved is crucial.
  • Cost: Stainless steel flanges are generally more expensive than carbon steel or alloy steel flanges. Their use should be justified by the need for corrosion resistance, temperature tolerance, or sanitary conditions.
  • Fabrication: Stainless steel requires specific handling and fabrication techniques to avoid issues such as contamination or weld decay. Proper procedures must be followed to ensure the integrity of the flange connection.
Stainless Steel Flange Materials ASTM A182
Stainless steel flanges ASTM A182

Nickel, Chrome, and Moly LME Prices

The key elements that differentiate stainless steel materials for flanges, compared to other grades, are the Nickel (Ni), Chrome (Cr), and Molybdenum content (Mo). The price for these metals fluctuates daily on the London Metal Exchange (Nickel, Moly) and on the ferroalloy market (ferrochrome).

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ASTM A182 F304/F316/F321

ASTM A182 Stainless Steel Flanges Materials Composition, %
ASTM A182 GRADECMnPSSiNiCrMoNbTiOthers
F304(1)0.082.00.0450.0301.08.0-11.018.0-20.0
F304H0.04-0.102.00.0450.0301.08.0-11.018.0-20.0
F304L(1)0.0302.00.0450.0301.08.0-13.018.0-20.0
F304N(2)0.082.00.0450.0301.08.0-10.518.0-20.0
F304LN(2)0.0302.00.0450.0301.08.0-10.518.0-20.0
F309H0.04-0.102.00.0450.0301.012.0-15.022.0-24.0
F3100.252.00.0450.0301.019.0-22.024.0-26.0
F310H0.04-0.102.00.0450.0301.019.0-22.024.0-26.0
F310MoLN0.0302.00.0300.0150.4021.0-23.024.0-26.02.0-3.0N 0.10-0.16
F3160.082.00.0450.0301.010.0-14.016.0-18.02.0-3.0
F316H0.04-0.102.00.0450.0301.010.0-14.016.0-18.02.0-3.0
F316L(1)0.0302.00.0450.0301.010.0-15.016.0-18.02.0-3.0
F316N(2)0.082.00.0450.0301.011.0-14.016.0-18.02.0-3.0
F316LN(2)0.0302.00.0450.0301.011.0-14.016.0-18.02.0-3.0
F316Ti0.082.00.0450.0301.010.0-14.016.0-18.02.0-3.0(3)N 0.10 max
F3170.082.00.0450.0301.011.0-15.018.0-20.03.0-4.0
F317L0.0302.00.0450.0301.011.0-15.018.0-20.03.0-4.0
F3210.082.00.0450.0301.09.0-12.017.0-19.0(4)
F321H0.04-0.102.00.0450.0301.09.0-12.017.0-19.0(5)
F3470.082.00.0450.0301.09.0-13.017.0-20.0(6)
F347H0.04-0.102.00.0450.0301.09.0-13.017.0-20.0(7)
F3480.082.00.0450.0301.09.0-13.017.0-20.0(6)Co 0.20
Ta 0.10
F348H0.04-0.102.00.0450.0301.09.0-13.017.0-20.0(7)Co 0.20
Ta 0.10

Notes:

  1. Grades F304, F304L, F316, and F316L shall have a maximum Nitrogen of 0.10%.
  2. Grades F304N, F316N, F304LN, and F316LN shall have a Nitrogen of 0.10 to 0.16%.
  3. Grade F316Ti shall have a Titanium content five times above the Carbon plus Nitrogen and not more than 0.70%.
  4. Grade F321 shall have a Titanium content five times above the Carbon and not more than 0.70%.
  5. Grade F321H shall have a Titanium content four times above the Carbon and not more than 0.70%.
  6. Grades F347 and F348 shall have a Niobium content ten times above the Carbon and not more than 1.10%.
  7. Grades F347H and F348H shall have a Niobium content above than eight times the Carbon and not more than 1.10%.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES A182 F304/F316/F321

ASTM A182 GradeMinimum Tensile Strength
in MPa
Minimum Yield point
in Mpa
Minimum Elongation
in %
Minimum Reduction of in
min, %
ASTM A182 F3045152053050
ASTM A182 F304L4851703050
ASTM A182 F3165152053050
ASTM A182 F316L4851703050
ASTM A182 F3215152053050

Recommended service for stainless steel flange materials:

MATERIALMATERIAL GROUPRECOMMENDED SERVICE
A182-F30418% Cr, 8% Ni Stainless SteelCorrosive services and atmospheres from -450°F to 1000°F (-268°C to 537°C)
A182-F31618% Cr, 8% Ni, 2% Mo Stainless SteelHigh resistance to corrosion from -450°F to 1000°F (-268°C to 537°C).

ASTM vs. EN STAINLESS STEEL FLANGE MATERIALS

Flanges Material Grades: Comparison of European and American Standards
Material numberENASTM
Stainless Steel Flange Materials
1.4541 X 6 CrNiTi 18 10X6CrNiTi18-10A 182 Grade F321
1.4571 X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2A 182 Grade F316Ti
1.4301 X 5 CrNi 18 10X5CrNi18-10A 182 Grade F304
1.4306 X 2 CrNi 19 11A 182 Grade F304L
1.4307 –X2CrNi18-9A 182 Grade F304L
1.4401 X 5 CrNiMo 17 12 2X5CrNiMo17-12-2A 182 Grade F316
1.4404 X 2 CrNiMo 17 13 2X2CrNiMo17-12-2A 182 Grade F316L
1.4462 X 2 CrNiMoN 22 5 3X2CrNiMoN22-5-3A 182 Grade F51 (Duplex)
1.4529 X 1 NiCrMoCuN 25 20 6X1NiCrMoCuN25-20-7UNS N 08926
1.4539 X 1 NiCrMoCuN 25 20 5X1NiCrMoCu25-20-5A 182 Grade F904L
1.4547 –X1CrNiMoCuN20-18-7UNS S 3125

DUPLEX FLANGES

USAGE OF DUPLEX/SUPERDUPLEX FLANGES

Duplex and super duplex stainless steel flanges are chosen for their superior strength and exceptional corrosion resistance, especially in harsh environments. These materials combine the best attributes of austenitic (300 series) and ferritic stainless steels, offering higher strength and resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion.

Duplex Flange ASTM A182 UNS S31803 UNS S32205

Duplex Flange ASTM A182 UNS S31803 UNS S32205

Duplex/Super duplex steel flanges are used in conjunction with duplex & super duplex steel pipes ATSM A790/928.

Here are specific scenarios where duplex and super duplex flanges are the preferred choice:

1. Aggressive Corrosive Environments

Duplex and super duplex stainless steels have high chromium, molybdenum, and nitrogen content, which contribute to their outstanding resistance to chloride-induced pitting and crevice corrosion. They are ideal for use in environments exposed to saltwater, such as marine applications, offshore oil drilling, and processing plants near coastal areas.

2. High-Strength Requirements

The mechanical strength of duplex and super duplex stainless steels is significantly higher than that of standard austenitic and ferritic stainless steels. This makes them suitable for applications requiring robust flanges that can withstand high pressures and mechanical stress, such as pressure vessels, high-pressure piping systems, and structural applications.

3. Chemical Processing Industries

These materials excel in environments where they are exposed to a wide range of aggressive chemicals and high temperatures. Duplex and super duplex flanges are used in chemical processing plants for piping systems that transport corrosive substances, providing longevity and reliability.

4. Oil and Gas Industry

In the oil and gas sector, duplex and super duplex flanges are utilized for their combination of strength and corrosion resistance. They are particularly valuable in applications such as subsea equipment, offshore platforms, and processing equipment that handle sour gas (high in hydrogen sulfide).

5. Desalination and Water Treatment

The resistance of duplex and super duplex stainless steels to chloride corrosion makes them excellent choices for desalination plants and water treatment facilities, where they can withstand the corrosive effects of high-chloride waters.

6. Pollution Control Equipment

Duplex and super duplex stainless steels are used in flue gas desulfurization systems and other pollution control equipment. Their corrosion resistance is crucial in environments where they are exposed to acidic gases and other corrosive byproducts.

Key Considerations:

  • Cost vs. Benefits: While duplex and super duplex stainless steels are more expensive than standard stainless steels, their enhanced properties can offer long-term cost savings through increased durability, reduced maintenance, and longer service life.
  • Welding and Fabrication: These materials require careful welding and fabrication techniques to preserve their mechanical and corrosion-resistant properties. Proper procedures, including the use of suitable filler metals and post-weld heat treatment, may be necessary.
  • Material Availability: Duplex and super duplex materials are more specialized than standard stainless steels, and their availability in certain forms or sizes may be limited. Planning and sourcing should take this into consideration.

Duplex steel (ASTM A182 2205) is an extremely corrosion-resistant, work-hardenable stainless steel, whose microstructure consists of a mixture of austenite and ferrite phases.

Due to this particular chemical and physical composition, duplex stainless steel UNS S31803 features the properties characteristic of both types of stainless steel materials (ferritic and austenitic).

Generally speaking, duplex stainless steel is way tougher than ferritic stainless steel, has a superior strength than austenitic steels (series 300 and 400), and has superior corrosion resistance when compared to SS304 and SS316 (high intragranular corrosion, also in chloride and sulfide environments).

Whilst austenitic stainless steels are non-magnetic, duplex stainless steel shows magnetic properties.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ASTM A182 DUPLEX AND SUPER DUPLEX

%

Duplex 2205
(ASTM A182 UNS S31803 – UNS S32205)

Super Duplex
ASTM A182 UNS S32750 – 32760)

C

0-0.03

0.03 max

Mn

2.0

1.5

Si

1.0

0.8

P

0-0.03

0.035

S

0-0.02

0.02

Cr

21-23

24-26

Mo

2.5-3.5

3.0-5.0

Ni

4.5-6.5

5.5-8.0

N

0.08-0.2

0.2-0.35

Cu

0.5-3.0

The most widely used grade for Duplex flange is 2205, due to its superior resistance to corrosion and mechanical strength.

The designation “2205” is related to the chemical composition of this material, which features 22% of chromium and 5% of nickel.

Super Duplex flanges show an even superior strength and a higher corrosion resistance than standard duplex steel (and austenitic grades, of course).

The main difference between a duplex and a super duplex grade is the addition of copper to the alloy (in addition to increased amounts of Chromium, Moly, and Nickel).

The addition of copper gives Super Duplex Stainless Steel an improved resistance to hot chlorides and strong reducing acids, like sulphuric acid, compared to a standard Duplex grade.

Whilst UNS S31803, UNS 32205 (duplex) and UNS S32750, UNS S32760 are standard designations, most manufacturers of superalloys attribute proprietary names to these steels (for example UR52N+ is a Usinor/Arcelor Super Duplex steel, Ferralium, Zeron, Sandvik SAF 2205 22Cr, etc).

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES A182 DUPLEX AND SUPER DUPLEX

Mechanical Properties

Duplex 2205
(ASTM A182 UNS S31803 – UNS S32205)

Super Duplex
ASTM A182 UNS S32750 – 32760)

Tensile Strength (in MPa)

620

770

Proof Stress 0.2% (in MPa)

450

550

A5 Elongation (in %)

25

25

Physical Attribute

Duplex 2205
(ASTM A182 UNS S31803 – UNS S32205)

Super Duplex
ASTM A182 UNS S32750 – 32760)

Density (g.cm3)

7.805

7.810

Modulus of Elasticity (GPa)

200

205

Electrical Resistivity (Ω.m)

0.085×10-6

0.085×10-6

Thermal Conductivity (W/m.K)

19 at 100°C

17 at 100°C

Thermal Expansion (m/m.K)

13.7×10-6 to 100°C

13.5×10-6 to 200°C

The significant addition of Chromium in Duplex Steel grades, which protects the alloy against corrosion, is a source of steel embrittlement at temperatures over about 300°C. However, at lower temperatures duplex steels show better ductility properties than ferritic and martensitic stainless steels (they can easily be used at a temperature below -50 C°).

NICKEL ALLOY FLANGES

USAGE OF NICKEL ALLOY FLANGES

Nickel alloy flanges are chosen for their exceptional properties, including high resistance to corrosion, heat, and pressure, making them ideal for severe and demanding environments.

Here are specific scenarios where nickel alloy flanges are the preferred choice:

1. Extreme Corrosion Resistance

Nickel alloys, such as Hastelloy®, Inconel®, Monel®, and Alloy 20, offer superior resistance to a wide range of corrosive environments, including acidic, alkaline, and chloride-containing conditions. They are ideal for chemical processing, petrochemical industries, and applications involving exposure to corrosive substances.

2. High-Temperature Applications

Nickel alloys maintain their strength and resistance at high temperatures, making nickel alloy flanges suitable for heat-treating equipment, furnaces, and in the aerospace industry where high-temperature strength is crucial.

3. Cryogenic Applications

Certain nickel alloys retain their toughness and mechanical properties at extremely low temperatures, making them suitable for liquefied natural gas (LNG) processing, storage, and transportation, as well as other cryogenic applications.

4. Marine and Offshore Applications

The excellent corrosion resistance to seawater and marine environments makes nickel alloy flanges a good choice for shipbuilding, offshore oil and gas platforms, and desalination plants.

5. Pollution Control

Nickel alloys are used in flue gas desulfurization systems and other pollution control equipment due to their resistance to acidic and corrosive gases.

6. Nuclear Power Plants

The ability of certain nickel alloys to withstand nuclear and radioactive environments makes them suitable for use in the construction and maintenance of nuclear reactors, especially in systems that handle radioactive materials or coolants.

Key Considerations:

  • Cost: Nickel alloy flanges are generally more expensive than carbon steel, stainless steel, or even some duplex/super duplex stainless steel flanges. Their use should be justified by the specific demands of the application that cannot be met by less expensive materials. Their content in terms of Moly, Nickel, and other high grade materials makes the cost per kilogram very high (>50 $/kg)
  • Fabrication and Welding: Nickel alloys require specific welding and fabrication techniques to ensure the integrity of the flange connections. Special attention to the selection of filler materials, welding parameters, and post-weld heat treatment is necessary to avoid issues such as cracking or corrosion.
  • Availability: Some nickel alloys may have limited availability or longer lead times compared to more common materials, which could impact project schedules.

ASTM SPECIFICATIONS FOR NICKEL ALLOY FLANGES

ASTM B160 Nickel 200 Flange
ASTM B166 Inconel 600 Flange
ASTM B564 Inconel 625 Flange
ASTM B425 Incoloy 800 Flange
ASTM B564 Incoloy 825 Flange
ASTM B564 Monel K400 Flange
ASTM B564 Hastelloy C276 Flange

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION NICKEL-ALLOY FLANGES

Superalloy GradeUNS EquivalentAlloy Composition
CMnSSiCrNiMoCuTiFe
Nickel 200N022000.080.180.0050.1899.5(a)0.130.2
Nickel 201N022010.010.180.0050.1899.6(a)0.130.2
Monel 400N044000.1510.0120.2566.5(a)31.51.25
Monel K-500N055000.130.750.0050.2566.5(a)29.50.61
Hastelloy BN106650.05 max11161285
Hastelloy D0.120.99.2518232
Inconel 600N066000.080.50.0080.2515.576.0(a)0.258
Inconel 800N088000.050.750.0080.52132.50.380.3846
Hastelloy C-276N102760.010.50.020.0315.557165.5
Inconel 625N060250.050.250.0080.2521.561.0(a)90.22.5
Incoloy 825N088250.030.50.0150.2521.54232.250.930
Hastelloy GN060300.031.50.020.522.25446.5219.5
20Cb-3N080200.0410.020.520342.53.5

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES NICKEL-ALLOY FLANGES

Superalloy gradeUNS EquivalentYield Strength (in 
ksi)
Tensile Strength (in ksi)Elongation %RockwellBrinell
Nickel 200N0220015553590-120
Nickel 201N0220112503590-120
Monel 400N04400257035110-149
Monel K-500N0550010014017265-346
Hastelloy B-2N106655111040C22
Hastelloy D-2054911457C30-39
Inconel 600N06600308035120-170
Inconel 800N08800307530120-184
Hastelloy C-276N102766011550184
Inconel 625N06025399830180
Incoloy 825N08825358530120-180
Hastelloy G-30N060305110056
20Cb-3N08020358030B84-90160

**DISCLAIMER: Accuracy and Reliability of Content**

The information provided in this blog post is intended for general informational purposes only and should not be construed as professional advice. While we strive to provide accurate and up-to-date information, we make no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, about the completeness, accuracy, reliability, suitability, or availability of the content contained herein. Any reliance you place on the information presented in this blog post is strictly at your own risk. We disclaim any liability for any loss or damage, including without limitation, indirect or consequential loss or damage, or any loss or damage whatsoever arising from reliance on information contained in this blog post. We encourage readers to verify the accuracy and relevance of any information presented here with other sources and seek professional advice or guidance where appropriate. Links to third-party websites or resources provided in this blog post are for convenience only and do not imply endorsement or approval of the content, products, services, or opinions expressed on those websites. We have no control over the nature, content, and availability of those sites and assume no responsibility for their accuracy, legality, or decency. We reserve the right to modify, update, or remove any content in this blog post at any time without prior notice. By accessing and using this blog post, you acknowledge and agree to these terms and conditions. If you do not agree with these terms, please refrain from accessing or using the information provided herein.

About the Author

Projectmaterials Team

Projectmaterials Team

Blog.projectmaterials.com is an online resource dedicated to providing in-depth information, analysis, and educational content related to the fields of project materials management, engineering, and procurement, particularly within the oil & gas, construction, shipbuilding, energy, and renewable energy sectors. It aims to serve professionals and enthusiasts in these industries by offering valuable insights into materials, equipment, and techniques used in various projects, focusing on the selection, application, and maintenance of these resources.Key features of the blog include:* Educational Articles: Comprehensive posts that cover topics ranging from the technical aspects of piping products (pipes, valves, fittings, flanges, gaskets, bolts, instrumentation) to structural steel and process equipment (including oil extraction systems, drilling rigs, wellheads, pumps, compressors, and separation systems). * Industry Insights: Updates on the latest trends, technologies, and regulatory changes affecting the industries covered. * Guides and How-Tos: Practical advice on selecting the right materials and equipment for specific applications, as well as tips on installation, maintenance, and troubleshooting. * Safety and Standards: Information on safety equipment for production sites, risk mitigation procedures, and an overview of relevant industry standards and regulatory frameworks.The website is designed to support the professional development of engineers, procurement specialists, project managers, and other stakeholders involved in project plant businesses, by disseminating critical know-how and best practices. Whether readers are new to the field or seasoned professionals, blog.projectmaterials.com offers resources to enhance their understanding and performance in managing project materials effectively.

Should you wish to reach out to the author of this article, we invite you to contact us via email.

Appreciate this content? Consider showing your support by tipping the author!

tether USDT

0xB1384F161400810A7B23DE63F02990EC8A7A3e36

bitcoin logo payment

bc1qs5h47qjmefpxhrw8gddl6ms9les23mvhcl9gvu

7 Responses

  1. can you please tell me equivalent material for A694 F60 (which should have almost similar is chemical composition and yield strength.)
    Thank you.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed.

RELATED POSTS

Didn’t find an answer?

Ask AI! 👉

Try our Artificial Intelligence to find an answer to any of your technical and commercial questions

  • AI: Hi, ask any technical or commercial question!

Thinking... ...

trusted by over 3M readers/Year worldwide